fig1

Figure 1. Dietary and non-dietary determinants of plasma BCAAs. (A) Associations of plasma BCAAs with dietary factors; (B) Associations of plasma BCAAs with non-dietary factors. Coefficients represent the SD unit change in log-transformed BCAAs. Multivariable linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, Townsend deprivation index, adiposity (BMI and central obesity), smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, menopausal status and hormone therapy (in females), history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and MASLD, as well as intakes of major food groups. All evaluated determinants were adjusted for each other. Dietary analyses were additionally adjusted for total energy intake. Solid circles indicate FDR < 0.05. BCAAs: Branched-chain amino acids; BMI: body mass index; CIs: confidence intervals; FDR: false discovery rate; MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; SD: standard deviation; SFA: saturated fatty acids; SSB: sugar-sweetened beverages.