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Figure 3. Landscape of next-generation microbiome-based therapeutic strategies. Strategies range from ecological restoration using probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and bacterial EVs to optimize the microbial niche and support beneficial symbionts. Advanced precision engineering utilizes bacteriophages for the selective elimination of pathobionts to modulate microbial community structure. L. plantarum: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; SCFA: short-chain fatty acid; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; EV: extracellular vesicle. Created in BioRender. Yu, L. (2026) https://BioRender.com/6x3efls.