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Figure 4. Regulation of HSC behavior by nanoplastics. (A) Immunofluorescence staining of HSC protein markers following treatment with different nanoplastics (PDGFRβ, α-SMA, and DAPI); (B) Quantitative PCR analysis of mechanotransduction-related genes in HSCs after nanoplastic exposure; (C) Comparison of α-SMA fluorescence staining intensity under different nanoplastic treatments; (D) Images of 72 h migration of HSCs after treatment with different nanoplastics; (E) Comparison of the 72 h migration capacity of HSCs after treatment with different nanoplastics. Values represent the mean of three independent biological replicates. ^**P ≤ 0.01, ^***P ≤ 0.001 compared to the control group. HSC: Hepatic stellate cell; PDGFRβ: platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta; α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PS-NH₂: amino-functionalized polystyrene; PS-COOH: carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene; ACTA2: alpha-smooth muscle actin; COL1A1: collagen type I alpha 1 chain.