fig3

Figure 3. Cytotoxicity assessment of nanoplastics. (A) Toxic effects on HSCs after 24 h continuous exposure to nanoplastic particles at five graded concentrations; (B) Toxic effects on HSCs after 48 h of continuous exposure under the same concentration gradient. Values represent the mean of three independent biological replicates. ^*P ≤ 0.05, ^***P ≤ 0.001 compared to the control group. HSCs: Hepatic stellate cells; PS-NH₂: amino-functionalized polystyrene; PS-COOH: carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene.