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Figure 5. Gut microbial metabolites in vascular aging-related diseases. In the context of vascular aging, gut microbial metabolites can regulate the progression of atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm through multiple mechanisms. (Created in BioRender. Raitasi, E. (2026) https://BioRender.com/0inu8ug). ECM: Extracellular matrix; SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; LDL-c: LDL-cholesterol; DCA: deoxycholic acid; cAMP-PKA: cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A; NPC1L1: Niemann-Pick-C1-like-1; HDAC: histone deacetylase; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; TIMPs: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; NET: neutrophil extracellular trap; TDCA: taurodeoxycholic acid; ER: endoplasmic reticulum.