fig2

Figure 2. Gut microbial metabolites regulate vascular aging and aging-related diseases. Vascular aging is a complex, multifactorial process driven by interacting mechanisms, among which endothelial dysfunction (ED), vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching, and immune cell infiltration play central roles in its initiation and progression (Created in BioRender. Raitasi, E. (2026) https://BioRender.com/u120b5i). Bas: Bile acids; SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids.