fig3

Figure 3. Investigation of microdroplet-mediated nitrogen fixation and subsequent carbon-nitrogen coupling. (A) Ultrasonic spray setup combined with mass spectrometry (MS) for the online monitoring of the nitrogen-to-ammonia conversion process^[25] and (B) corresponding free energy changes found from DFT calculations^[25]; (C) Schematic representation of a single microdroplet with ammonia and carbon dioxide molecules^[10]; (D) Raman spectra recorded before and after exposure of an aqueous ammonia [NH₃(aq)] droplet to CO₂ gas [CO₂(g)]^[10]. Figure 3A and B is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[25], available under a CC BY-NC 4.0. Figure 3C and D is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[10], Copyright © 2025 The American Association for the Advancement of Science. DFT: Density functional theory; MS: mass spectrometer; T/RH: temperature and relative humidity.