fig6

Figure 6. Histological evaluation and macrophage polarization in CIA mouse ankle joints after TWELP@GlcN-HA treatment. (A) Representative H&E-stained synovial images (scale bar: 100 μm); (B) HSS. Data are mean ± SD; one-way ANOVA, ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 (n = 4); (C) Immunofluorescence of M1/M2 macrophages: nuclei (DAPI, blue), M1 (CD86, green), M2 (CD206, red). Scale bar: 100 μm. ANOVA: Analysis of variance; CD86: cluster of differentiation 86; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis; DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GlcN: glucosamine; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; SD: standard deviation; TP: triptolide; TWELP: Tripterygium wilfordii-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; TWELP@GlcN-HA: engineered Tripterygium wilfordii-derived exosome-like nanoparticle system; TWELP@HA: hyaluronic acid-modified TWELP; HSS: histological scoring system.