fig2

Figure 2. The PDEVs research workflow following MISEV 2023 guidelines. The diagram outlines four phases of PDEVs research: sample and pre-treatment; sequential separation (centrifugation, SEC, and TFF); RNA extraction and sequencing; and standardized reporting. This workflow is informed by MISEV 2023 guidelines to promote rigor, reproducibility, and transparency in PDEVs research. Created in BioRender. Ruting, C. (2026) https://BioRender.com/ufeeq9m. TFF: Tangential flow filtration; cDNA: complementary DNA; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; miRNA: microRNA; MISEV: Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles; mRNA: messenger RNA; PDEVs: plant-derived extracellular vesicles; piRNA: PIWI-interacting RNA; RNA: ribonucleic acid; rRNA: ribosomal RNA; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; siRNA: small interfering RNA; tRNA: transfer RNA.