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From: Critical advances in charge separation regulation for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction

Critical advances in charge separation regulation for photocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction

Figure 4. Integrated correlation between charge separation processes and characterization techniques across bulk, interface, and surface levels in PCR systems. Created with Microsoft PowerPoint. PCR: Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction; TAS: transient absorption spectroscopy; TRPL: time-resolved photoluminescence; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; KPFM: Kelvin probe force microscopy; EPR: electron paramagnetic resonance; DFT: density functional theory; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; VB: valence band; UV-vis: ultraviolet–visible; DRS: diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; PL: photoluminescence.