fig1

Figure 1. A schematic diagram summarizing the development process of IPSCs. Reproduced with permission. From left to right, this figure is quoted with permission from Ref.^[31,35-42], Reprinted from Ref.^[35] under the CC BY 4.0 license; Reproduced with permission^[36], Copyright © 2017 American Association for the Advancement of Science; Reproduced with permission^[37], Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society; Reproduced with permission^[31], Copyright © 2019 American Association for the Advancement of Science; Reproduced with permission^[38], Copyright © 2021 Wiley-VCH; Reproduced with permission^[39], Copyright © 2023 Wiley-VCH; Reproduced with permission^[40], Copyright © 2023 Wiley-VCH; Reproduced with permission^[41], Copyright © 2024 Wiley-VCH; Reproduced with permission^[42], Copyright © 2025 Wiley-VCH. IPSCs: Inorganic perovskite solar cells; PCE: power conversion efficiency; J_sc: short-circuit current density, V_oc: open-circuit voltage; FF: fill factor.