fig15

Figure 15. (A) Atomic structure model of Fe-Ti₄O₇. (B) HRTEM image of Fe-Ti₄O₇, showing the Ti₄O₇ (120) lattice plane. (C) Gibbs free-energy diagram for the chlorine evolution reaction on Fe-Ti₄O₇ via Volmer-Tafel and Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanisms. (D) Theoretical overpotential of the chlorine evolution reaction on Fe-Ti₄O₇ in Volmer-Tafel and Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanisms. (A-D) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[215]. Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature. (E) Molecular model of TBABr₃. (F) ELF of BrCl₃. (G) Cohesive energy during the charging process for the systems with and without Cl^-. (E-G) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[287]. Copyright © 2024 American Association for the Advancement of Science. (H) T-shaped Pt-N₄ models used for density functional theory calculations. (I) HAADF-STEM image of Pt₁(3)/CNT. (J) Free-energy profiles for the OER over Pt-N₄ following the mononuclear pathway, involving the *OH, *O and *OOH intermediates. (H-J) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[288]. Copyright © 2023 Springer Nature. (K) Schematics of polyhedral distortion and Cl^- adsorption modes for 3D Ce-Co₃O₄; the green balls represent Cl^- ions. (L) HAADF-STEM image of 3D Ce-Co₃O₄. (M) Free-energy comparison for chlorine evolution over different Co₃O₄-based structures at U = 1.36 V. (N) Reaction-coordinate free-energy diagram comparing Cl adsorption and Cl₂ formation on Ce-modified and unmodified Co sites. (K-N) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[214]. Copyright © 2026 Springer Nature.