fig3

Figure 3. Cellulose-based i-TE materials and their TE properties. The figure includes the structural representation of cellulose and its role in i-TE materials, highlighting key TE properties such as ion transport and Seebeck coefficient. (A) Schematic illustration of the enhanced ion mobility and selectivity of the cellulosic membrane due to the nanochannels formed between the cellulose nanofibres and the effect of intermolecular bonding. Reproduced with permission^[30]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature; (B) Schematic diagrams of thermovoltage generation in cellulose/BzMe₃NOH hydrogel. (C) Seebeck coefficient of cellulose/BzMe₃NOH hydrogel with various BzMe₃NOH concentrations. Reproduced with permission^[74]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier Ltd; (D) Schematic illustration of ion thermal diffusion between nanofibers and molecular chains in Ca²⁺ coordinated bacterial cellulose (CaBC) with NaCl hydrogel. (E) Ionic conductivities of CaBC with different NaCl solution concentrations. (F) Ionic Seebeck coefficients of BC and CaBC hydrogels before and after soaking in 1 M NaCl solution. Reproduced with permission^[43]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.