fig2

Figure 2. (A) Thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) and its key parameters, including the Seebeck coefficient (S), electrical conductivity (σ), and thermal conductivity (κ). (B) Seebeck effect in electronic thermoelectrics, illustrating charge carrier movement. (C) Soret effect in ionic thermoelectrics, showing ion diffusion under a temperature gradient. (D) Thermogalvanic effect, where redox reactions contribute to TE energy conversion.