fig2

Figure 2. Interaction between angiogenesis and tumor microenvironment. Immune cells are recruited by chemokines and angiogenic factors and the tumor infiltration by immune cells is, in turn, implicated in promoting angiogenesis. The balance between immune response and immunosuppression is crucial to induce tumor killing from one side or tumor escape to the other. CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblasts; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; IFNγ: interferon-γ; IL-2/4/6/10/8: interleukin; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cell; MMP: matrix metalloproteinases; NK: natural killer; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; PDL1: programmed death-ligand 1; TAM: tumor-associated macrophages; TAN: tumor-associated neutrophils; TGF-β: tumor growth factor beta; TLR: toll-like receptor; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α; Treg: regulatory T cells; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor^[90].