fig1

Figure 1. Schemes to combine TACE and systemic treatment. This schematic was independently illustrated based on the original combination framework proposed by Strebel^[50], with modern timing strategies (TACE-first, Systemic-first) newly integrated into clinical practice. The three core therapeutic schedules derived from the original framework are: Sequential: TACE and systemic therapy are administered in succession with clear intervals. Interrupted: TACE and systemic therapy are alternated with treatment breaks. Continuous: TACE and systemic therapy are co-administered without interruption to maintain sustained exposure. TACE: Transarterial chemoembolization.