Micro-/Nano- engineering for battery materials and interface

After decades of development, lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries have established mature material systems, electrode structures and production technologies. In spite of this, high-performance batteries with both favourable energy density and power density are substantially explored to meet the requirement of long-mileage EVs and long-duration energy storage. To balance the contradiction between energy density and power density, engineering micro-/nano- structures is recognized as an effective approach which combines the advantages of both micro- and nanoarchitectures. This paper comprehensively summarizes the micro-/nano- engineering in material production, electrode manufacture, and interface regulation of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. The benefit of micro-/nano- structure on the enhanced cycling life and rate capability is discussed in detail, and the promising engineering strategies in future commercial batteries are envisaged. This review provides a basic understanding of the role of micro-/nano- structural engineering in promoting the battery performance, and also a guidance for the multidimensional and multiscale design of micro/nano-architectures towards practical applications.