REFERENCES
3. Yang, J.; Bai, R.; Chen, B.; Suo, Z. Hydrogel adhesion: a supramolecular synergy of chemistry, topology, and mechanics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1901693.
4. Ullah, A.; Kim, D. Y.; Lim, S. I.; Lim, H. R. Hydrogel-based biointerfaces: recent advances, challenges, and future directions in human-machine integration. Gels 2025, 11, 232.
5. Lee, M. Y.; Lee, E. S.; Ko, N. Y.; et al. Emerging roles of hydrogels, organogels, and their hybrids in soft bioelectronics and bioplatforms. npj. Biosens. 2025, 2, 35.
6. Chong, J.; Sung, C.; Nam, K. S.; et al. Highly conductive tissue-like hydrogel interface through template-directed assembly. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 2206.
7. Ren, X.; Zhang, J.; Yang, F.; Xu, H.; Guo, G.; Wang, Y. Enzyme‐immobilized surface‐catalyzed cross‐linking: creating multifunctional double network hydrogel coatings on diverse substrates. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2312465.
8. Zhang, L.; Wang, L.; Li, W.; et al. Bioinspired hydrogels for enhanced wet adhesion: from natural mechanisms to biomedical applications. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 520, 165878.
9. Cui, C.; Liu, W. Recent advances in wet adhesives: adhesion mechanism, design principle and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2021, 116, 101388.
10. Fan, H.; Wang, J.; Gong, J. P. Barnacle cement proteins‐inspired tough hydrogels with robust, long‐lasting, and repeatable underwater adhesion. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2009334.
11. Sun, J. Y.; Zhao, X.; Illeperuma, W. R.; et al. Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels. Nature 2012, 489, 133-6.
12. Yuk, H.; Zhang, T.; Lin, S.; Parada, G. A.; Zhao, X. Tough bonding of hydrogels to diverse non-porous surfaces. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 190-6.
13. Gong, J.; Katsuyama, Y.; Kurokawa, T.; Osada, Y. Double‐network hydrogels with extremely high mechanical strength. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 1155-8.
14. Yao, M.; Wei, Z.; Li, J.; et al. Microgel reinforced zwitterionic hydrogel coating for blood-contacting biomedical devices. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 5339.
15. Li, C.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, X.; Pu, Z.; Li, D. Zwitterionic hydrogels and their biomedical applications: a review. Chem. Synth. 2024, 4, 17.
16. Liu, L.; Hou, H.; Zhao, B.; et al. A Janus adhesive hydrogel via one-pot phase separation for wound healing. Health. Eng. 2024.
17. Liu, Y.; Li, M.; Zheng, Y.; et al. Hydrogel coatings on universal medical devices with water-responsive Janus adhesion and acidity-triggered transformation for adaptive antibacterial treatment and fluorescence diagnosis. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 481, 148673.
18. Li, J.; Wang, Z.; Yang, W.; et al. Bionic Janus hydrogel drives infected Achilles tendon regeneration via mechano-immune spatiotemporal steering. Nat. Commun. 2026, 17, 1805.
19. Liu, H.; Yao, X.; She, Y.; et al. Strain-invariant highly conductive Janus organogels for AI-assisted bioelectronics. Matter 2026, 9, 102666.
20. Shao, H.; Deng, J.; Xu, Z.; et al. A Janus hydrogel that enables wet tissue adhesion and resists abdominal adhesions. Mater. Today. Bio. 2024, 28, 101248.
21. Yang, Y.; He, L.; Guan, G.; et al. Janus hydrogels: pioneering dual-faced biomaterials for revolutionary tissue engineering. Mater. Today. Adv. 2025, 28, 100652.
22. Ouyang, C.; Shen, F.; Yu, H.; et al. Nanoscale phase separation induced self-reinforced Janus hydrogel achieves robust adhesion under extreme acidity and anti-postoperative adhesions. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2026, 707, 139736.
23. Gao, Y.; Guo, J.; Li, S.; et al. A bio-adaptive Janus-adhesive dressing with dynamic lubrication overlayer for prevention of postoperative infection and adhesion. Adv. Sci. 2025, 12, e2500138.
24. Zhang, Y.; Li, D.; Liu, M.; et al. An oral mucosa-inspired wet-adhesion Janus hydrogel with asymmetric bifunctionalities of antifouling/antioxidant for treating oral ulcer in diabetes. Small 2026, 22, e13928.
25. Liu, H.; Liu, C.; Shao, D.; et al. A tough Janus hydrogel patch with strong wet adhesion and self-debonding for oral ulcer treatment. Chem. Mater. 2024, 36, 4976-89.
26. Wang, X.; Wang, J.; Yu, Y.; et al. A polyzwitterion-based antifouling and flexible bilayer hydrogel coating. Compos. Part. B. Eng. 2022, 244, 110164.
27. Sophia Fox, A. J.; Bedi, A.; Rodeo, S. A. The basic science of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and function. Sports. Health. 2009, 1, 461-8.
28. Yang, X.; Wang, H.; Yue, C.; et al. Polysaccharide-based hydrogel formed via in situ schiff base reaction with contact lens-like ocular surface coverage for sustained ophthalmic drug delivery. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1804-19.
29. Xu, Y.; Patsis, P. A.; Hauser, S.; et al. Cytocompatible, injectable, and electroconductive soft adhesives with hybrid covalent/noncovalent dynamic network. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1802077.
30. Yuk, H.; Varela, C. E.; Nabzdyk, C. S.; et al. Dry double-sided tape for adhesion of wet tissues and devices. Nature 2019, 575, 169-74.
31. Wang, H.; Wang, M.; Wu, J.; et al. Nature-inspired gelatin-based adhesive hydrogel: a rapid and user-friendly solution for hemostatic applications. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2024, 13, e2304444.
32. Quan, H.; Yang, W.; Lapeyriere, M.; Schaible, E.; Ritchie, R. O.; Meyers, M. A. Structure and mechanical adaptability of a modern elasmoid fish scale from the common carp. Matter 2020, 3, 842-63.
33. Wei, L.; Song, L.; Yan, Y.; et al. Constructing of functional hydrogel coatings via combined surface laser ablation with surface-initiated polymerization. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 519, 164906.
34. Liu, J.; Shen, K.; Chu, D.; Cheng, Y. Tempo‐functionalized Janus hydrogel crosslinked by tandem dynamic covalent bonds for internal organ injury repair and deep second‐degree burn wound healing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2505194.
35. Su, X.; Hao, D.; Li, J.; et al. A dynamically adaptive wet-adhesive Janus hydrogel patch for sutureless repair of spinal dural defects. Bioact. Mater. 2026, 56, 509-21.
36. Zhang, Y.; Liu, L.; Yu, X.; et al. A bio-inspired Janus hydrogel patch facilitates oral ulcer repair by combining prolonged wet adhesion and lubrication. Acta. Biomater. 2024, 190, 120-32.
37. Bai, M. H.; Zhao, B.; Liu, Z. Y.; et al. Mucosa-like conformal hydrogel coating for aqueous lubrication. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, e2108848.
38. Illescas, J.; Ramirez‐Fuentes, Y. S.; Rivera, E.; et al. Synthesis and optical characterization of photoactive poly(2‐phenoxyethyl acrylate) copolymers containing azobenzene units, prepared by frontal polymerization using novel ionic liquids as initiators. J. Polym. Sci. A. Polym. Chem. 2012, 50, 821-30.
39. Vijayanand, P. S.; Arunprasath, R.; Balaji, R.; Nanjundan, S. Synthesis, spectral properties, and thermal properties of homo‐ and copolymers of 3,5‐dimethylphenyl acrylate with glycidyl methacrylate and determination of reactivity ratios. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 85, 2261-70.
40. Robins, J. H.; Abrams, G. D.; Pincock, J. A. The structure of Schiff reagent aldehyde adducts and the mechanism of the Schiff reaction as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Can. J. Chem. 1980, 58, 339-47.
41. Karkantonis, T.; Gaddam, A.; Sharma, H.; Cummins, G.; See, T. L.; Dimov, S. Laser-enabled surface treatment of disposable endoscope lens with superior antifouling and optical properties. Langmuir 2022, 38, 11392-405.
42. Sunny, S.; Cheng, G.; Daniel, D.; et al. Transparent antifouling material for improved operative field visibility in endoscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2016, 113, 11676-81.
43. Zhang, Y.; Feng, S.; Zhu, S.; et al. A bioinspired hydrogel with balanced adhesion and compliance for reversible underwater adhesion. Mater. Chem. Front. 2026, 10, 2152-61.
44. Fan, H.; Wang, J.; Tao, Z.; et al. Adjacent cationic-aromatic sequences yield strong electrostatic adhesion of hydrogels in seawater. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5127.







