fig7

Figure 7. Optimization of IPMC actuator by increasing interface area and WU. (A) The principle of IPA assisted electroless plating. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[23]. Copyright^© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (B) The electrode of IPMC using IPA assisted electroless plating. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[23]. Copyright^© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (C) Process of preparing a macroporous multilayer SGO/Nafion polymer. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[114]. Copyright^© 2021 Elsevier B.V. (D) A porous structure of SGO/Nafion polymer. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[114]. Copyright^© 2021 Elsevier B.V. (E) Encapsulation of IPMC using PEDOT. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[116]. Copyright^© 2019 Elsevier B.V.