fig1

Figure 1. Schematic illustration showing the frame of this review. Mechanism of IPMC. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[44]. Copyright^© 2021 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Electrode. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[73]. Copyright^© 2022 American Chemical Society. Ionomer. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[50]. Copyright^© 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Actuating. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[117]. Copyright^© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Pressure sensing. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[137]. Copyright^© 2022 IOP Publishing Ltd. Humidity sensing. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[32]. Copyright^© 2021 Elsevier B.V. Water uptake. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[115]. Copyright^© 2021 Elsevier B.V. Smart glove. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[189]. Copyright^© 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Robotics. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[194]. Copyright^© 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd.