REFERENCES
1. Jana, A.; Cho, S.; Patil, S. A.; et al. Perovskite: scintillators, direct detectors, and X-ray imagers. Mater. Today. 2022, 55, 110-36.
2. Aamir, M.; Shahiduzzaman, M.; Taima, T.; Akhtar, J.; Nunzi, J. M. It is an all-rounder! On the development of metal halide perovskite-based fluorescent sensors and radiation detectors. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2021, 9, 2101276.
3. Chen, H.; Li, Y.; Zhao, B.; Ming, J.; Xue, D. Nanocrystals of metal halide perovskites and their analogues as scintillators for x-ray detection. Nano. Futures. 2022, 6, 012001.
4. Cho, S.; Kang, S.; Kwon, C.; et al. Effect of annealing on the X-ray detection properties of nano-sized polycrystalline lead oxide films. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 47, 7393.
5. Zhou, F.; Li, Z.; Lan, W.; Wang, Q.; Ding, L.; Jin, Z. Halide perovskite, a potential scintillator for X-ray detection. Small. Methods. 2020, 4, 2000506.
6. Pauwels, K.; Douissard, P. Indirect X-ray detectors with single-photon sensitivity. J. Synchrotron. Rad. 2022, 29, 1394-406.
7. Geng, X.; Chen, Y. A.; Li, Y. Y.; et al. Lead-free halide perovskites for direct X-ray detectors. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2300256.
8. Wu, H.; Ge, Y.; Niu, G.; Tang, J. Metal halide perovskites for X-ray detection and imaging. Matter 2021, 4, 144-63.
9. Wronski, M. M.; Rowlands, J. A. Direct-conversion flat-panel imager with avalanche gain: feasibility investigation for HARP-AMFPI. Med. Phys. 2008, 35, 5207-18.
10. Kasap, S.; Frey, J. B.; Belev, G.; et al. Amorphous and polycrystalline photoconductors for direct conversion flat panel X-ray image sensors. Sensors 2011, 11, 5112-57.
11. Basiricò, L.; Ciavatti, A.; Fraboni, B. Solution-grown organic and perovskite X-ray detectors: a new paradigm for the direct detection of ionizing radiation. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 6, 2000475.
12. Chaudhari, R.; Ravikant, C. A review on BiI3 perovskites and composites for direct X-ray detection. Sens. Actuator. Phys. 2022, 346, 113863.
13. Sun, X. J.; Xia, M. L.; Xu, Y. S.; Tang, J.; Niu, G. D. Research progress of perovskite direct X-ray imaging. Chin. J. Lumin. 2022, 43, 1014-26.
14. Li, Y.; Adeagbo, E.; Koughia, C.; et al. Direct conversion X-ray detectors with 70 pA cm-2 dark currents coated from an alcohol-based perovskite ink. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2022, 10, 1228-35.
15. Anagnost, K. M.; Lee, E.; Wang, Z.; Liu, J.; Fossum, E. R. Simulating 50 keV X-ray photon detection in silicon with a down-conversion layer. Sensors 2021, 21, 7566.
16. Eisen, Y.; Shor, A.; Mardor, I. CdTe and CdZnTe X-ray and gamma-ray detectors for imaging systems. IEEE. Trans. Nucl. Sci. 2004, 51, 1191-8.
17. Sellin, P. J.; Prekas, G.; Franc, J.; Grill, R. Electric field distributions in CdZnTe due to reduced temperature and X-ray irradiation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 133509.
18. Zhu, M.; Du, X.; Niu, G.; et al. Template directed perovskite X-ray detectors towards low ionic migration and low interpixel cross talking. Fundam. Res. 2022, 2, 108-13.
19. Huang, Y.; Qiao, L.; Jiang, Y.; et al. A-site cation engineering for highly efficient MAPbI3 single-crystal X-ray detector. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 17834-42.
20. Fan, Y.; Chen, Q.; Li, Z.; et al. Realization of passive X-ray detection with a low detection limit in dion-jacobson halide hybrid perovskite. Small 2023, 19, 2303814.
21. Pan, L.; Liu, Z.; Welton, C.; et al. Ultrahigh-flux X-ray detection by a solution-grown perovskite CsPbBr3 single-crystal semiconductor detector. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2211840.
22. Pisoni, A.; Jaćimović, J.; Barišić, O. S.; et al. Ultra-low thermal conductivity in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 2488-92.
23. Lee, W.; Li, H.; Wong, A. B.; et al. Ultralow thermal conductivity in all-inorganic halide perovskites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2017, 114, 8693-7.
24. Heiderhoff, R.; Haeger, T.; Pourdavoud, N.; et al. Thermal conductivity of methylammonium lead halide perovskite single crystals and thin films: a comparative study. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2017, 121, 28306-11.
25. Guo, F.; Hu, F.; Song, Y.; Wang, L.; Gao, Z.; Tao, X. High-performance oxide crystal BaTeW2O9 X-ray detector with high stability, low detection limit, and ultralow dark current drift. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2025, 17, 9530-8.
26. Hu, F.; Guo, F.; Mu, W.; Cao, T.; Wang, L.; Gao, Z. Effect of internal electrostatic fields on self-powered X-ray detectors with high sensitivity and low detection limits in polar oxide crystals α/β-BaTeMo2O9. Small 2025, 21, 2502928.
27. Jin, P.; Tang, Y.; Xu, X.; et al. Solution-processed perovskite/metal-oxide hybrid X-ray detector and array with decoupled electronic and ionic transport pathways. Small. Methods. 2022, 6, 2200500.
28. Lujan, R. A.; Street, R. A. Flexible X-ray detector array fabricated with oxide thin-film transistors. IEEE. Electron. Device. Lett. 2012, 33, 688-90.
29. Wei, H.; Huang, J. Halide lead perovskites for ionizing radiation detection. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1066.
30. Wei, H.; Fang, Y.; Mulligan, P.; et al. Sensitive X-ray detectors made of methylammonium lead tribromide perovskite single crystals. Nat. Photonics. 2016, 10, 333-9.
31. Zhuang, R.; Wang, X.; Ma, W.; et al. Highly sensitive X-ray detector made of layered perovskite-like (NH4)3Bi2I9 single crystal with anisotropic response. Nat. Photonics. 2019, 13, 602-8.
32. Kasap, S. O.; Rowlands, J. A. Review X-ray photoconductors and stabilized a-Se for direct conversion digital flat-panel X-ray image-detectors. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2000, 11, 179-98.
33. Berger, M. J.; Hubbell, J. H.; Seltzer, S. M.; et al. XCOM: photon cross sections database: NIST standard reference database 8 (XGAM). 2010.
34. Chen, J.; Tang, H.; Liu, B.; et al. High-performance X-ray detector based on single-crystal β-Ga2O3:Mg. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2021, 13, 2879-86.
35. Li, Z.; Chen, J.; Tang, H.; et al. Band gap engineering in β-Ga2O3 for a high-performance X-ray detector. ACS. Appl. Electron. Mater. 2021, 3, 4630-9.
36. Li, Z.; Chang, S.; Zhang, H.; et al. Cu-based metal-organic frameworks for highly sensitive X-ray detectors. Chem. Commun. 2021, 57, 8612-5.
37. Ge, M.; Chen, S.; Fu, X.; Feng, Y.; Wang, D.; Yuan, M. Effects of fluorinated aromatic spacer in Ag-Bi double perovskite for X-ray detector. J. Phys. Chem. 2022, 126, 19417-23.
38. Pan, W.; Wu, H.; Luo, J.; et al. Cs2AgBiBr6 single-crystal X-ray detectors with a low detection limit. Nat. Photonics. 2017, 11, 726-32.
39. Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Z.; et al. Nucleation-controlled growth of superior lead-free perovskite Cs3Bi2I9 single-crystals for high-performance X-ray detection. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2304.
40. Guo, J.; Xu, Y.; Yang, W.; et al. High-stability flexible X-ray detectors based on lead-free halide perovskite Cs2TeI6 films. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2021, 13, 23928-35.
41. Wei, Q.; Fan, X.; Xiang, P.; et al. Cs3Cu2I5 single crystal for efficient direct X-ray detection. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2023, 11, 2300247.
42. Ma, C.; Chen, F.; Song, X.; et al. Centimeter-sized molecular perovskite crystal for efficient X-ray detection. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2100691.
43. Zhou, L.; Lu, X.; Wu, J.; et al. Self-powered fast-response X-ray detectors based on vertical GaN p-n diodes. IEEE. Electron. Device. Lett. 2019, 40, 1044-7.
44. Xu, Q.; Zhang, B.; Nie, J.; et al. Self-powered X-ray detector based on methylammonium lead tribromide single crystals. J. Alloys. Compd. 2021, 859, 157826.
45. Guan, Q.; You, S.; Zhu, Z. K.; et al. Three-dimensional polar perovskites for highly sensitive self-driven X-ray detection. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202320180.
46. Gou, Z.; Huanglong, S.; Ke, W.; et al. Self-powered X-ray detector based on all-inorganic perovskite thick film with high sensitivity under low dose rate. Phys. Status. Solid. RRL. 2019, 13, 1900094.
47. Tsai, H.; Liu, F.; Shrestha, S.; et al. A sensitive and robust thin-film X-ray detector using 2D layered perovskite diodes. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaay0815.
48. Zhang, X.; Zhu, T.; Ji, C.; Yao, Y.; Luo, J. In situ epitaxial growth of centimeter-sized lead-free (BA)2CsAgBiBr7/Cs2AgBiBr6 heterocrystals for self-driven X-ray detection. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 20802-10.
49. Girolami, M.; Matteocci, F.; Pettinato, S.; et al. Metal-halide perovskite submicrometer-thick films for ultra-stable self-powered direct X-ray detectors. Nano. Micro. Lett. 2024, 16, 182.







