fig3

Figure 3. (A) Schematic illustration of challenges facing Li metal anodes. (B) SEI formation conditions in a liquid electrolyte. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[8]. Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society. (C) Time-lapse TEM images of Li whisker growth. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[22]. Copyright (2020) Springer Nature. (D) Schematic representation of dead Li including Li⁺ ions in SEI formation and Li metal wrapped by insulating byproducts. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[92]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society. (E) Fire and (F) explosion phenomena of Li metal anode. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[38]. Copyright (2020) Springer Nature. (G) Schematic diagram and scanning electron micrographs of high-rate cycled angled sections showing failure within two stacked Celgard 2325 separators. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[39]. Copyright (2021) American Chemical Society.